Positive punishment (+P) involves the addition of an aversive stimulus following a behaviour, making it less likely for this behaviour to occur again. For example: A horse fails to canter when cued to by his rider, as a punishment the rider hit him with a whip (+P).
After a few sessions the rider barely have to move his legs and the horse start walking. When the horse starts moving the kicking stop (-R). The pressure is the application of the aversive stimulus, and the release is the removal of this aversive. For example: A rider kicks his horse’s flanks to get him moving. In the equestrian world, negative reinforcement is often marketed under the euphemism “pressure/release”. Negative reinforcement (-R) involves the removal (or avoidance) of an aversive stimulus following a behaviour, making it more likely for this behaviour to occur again. (+R) As a result, the horse always comes when he sees his owner standing by the gate. Positive reinforcement (+R) involves the addition of a pleasurable (appetitive) stimulus following a behaviour, making it more likely for this behaviour to occur again. For example: When the horse comes to the gate, his owner gives him a carrot. In Operant conditioning there are 4 quadrants (two reinforcers and two punishers): Operant conditioning focuses on using reinforcement or punishment to increase or decrease the frequency of behaviours. In science, this type of learning is called operant conditioning (or also known as instrumental learning). One way both humans and non-humans animals learn is through consequences.
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